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含沙量是重要的水文参数，在水质监测、生态保护、工程建设等方面具有重大意义。针对目前常见的光学法、声学多普勒（ADCP）法测量范围受限的问题，本研究依据超声波的衰减原理，采用透射衰减法测量泥沙浓度。即通过实验建立电压-泥沙浓度关系曲线，根据曲线和电压示数反演泥沙浓度，以超声换能器和FPGA开发板为核心搭建测量装置，实现了仪器的小型化、便携化、高精度。本文首先介绍了几种泥沙测量方法，阐述了目前声学法测量泥沙浓度的研究现状，介绍了超声波测量泥沙浓度的理论基础，说明了超声衰减法测量泥沙浓度的可行性。其次设计实验装置，通过实验建立并验证了校准曲线。结果表明：装置在测量0.470 g/L以下的浓度时，相对误差在20%以内；在测量1.228～5.772 g/L浓度时，相对误差在10%以内。最后探究了泥沙的静态沉降速度和水体流速对测量装置的影响。结果表明：泥沙沉降时，泥沙浓度的下降速率呈现先快后慢的趋势；水体流速对测量装置的影响很小；电压误差在5%以内。
Abstract：Sediment concentration is an important hydrological parameter with significant implications for water quality monitoring,ecological protection, and engineering construction. To address the limitations in the measurement range of conventional optical and ADCP methods, this study employs the ultrasonic attenuation principle through transmission-attenuation method to measure sediment concentration. Specifically, it establishes an experimental voltage-sediment concentration calibration curve to inversely derive sediment concentrations from the voltage signal. and it develops a compact, portable, and high-precision measurement device using ultrasonic transducers and FPGA development board as core components. This paper first reviews existing sediment measurement methods, summarizes current research progress in acoustic-based sediment concentration measurement, and establishes the theoretical foundation of the ultrasonic attenuation method to demonstrate its feasibility. Subsequently, an experimental setup was designed to develop and validate the calibration curve. Results indicate that the device achieves relative errors within 20% for concentrations below 0.470 g/L, and it achieves relative erors within 10% for concentrations ranging from 1.228 g/L to 5.772 g/L. Finally, investigations on static settling velocity of sediments and water flow velocity effects reveal that sediment concentration changes show a rapid initial decrease followed by gradual stabilization during settling, water flow velocity exerts minimal influence on measurements,and voltage errors remain below 5%.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.19478/j.cnki.2096-2347.2026.01.04
中图分类号:TV149
引用信息:
[1]刘一鸣,王进,李顺波,等.基于超声衰减的河流泥沙浓度监测技术研究[J].三峡生态环境监测,2026,11(01):33-40.DOI:10.19478/j.cnki.2096-2347.2026.01.04.
基金信息:
长江水利委员会水文局2024年科技创新基金项目（SWJ-24CJX13）
2025-04-28
2025-04-28
2025-04-28