三峡生态环境监测

现有"长江三峡工程生态与环境监测系统"经过十几年的建设和运行,初步形成了适应建设期需求的复合监测体系,对三峡工程可能引起的生态与环境问题进行了跟踪监测,集成存储了三峡工程蓄水前不可重现的生态环境本底数据及蓄水后动态监测数据。随着三峡工程由试验性蓄水逐步进入运行管理期,为提高三峡工程综合管理能力、确保三峡工程长期安全运行、充分发挥工程综合效益、保护生态环境、防治地质灾害、促进移民安稳致富、实现水库可持续综合利用,需要建设综合监测体系。文章分析了现有监测系统的状况和三峡工程运行管理的需求,提出综合监测体系建设的初步建议。在原有监测体系的基础上,补充监测站点、完善监测内容、提升监测能力,特别是实时、在线监测能力。从建设期"跟踪观察,保存历史"的记录型监测转变为运行期"重在应用,兼顾记录"的管理型监测,应从根本上提高库区综合监测的"五化"水平,即监测指标体系和监测过程标准化、监测体系组织与管理制度化、监测体系运行长期化、监测体系社会服务规范化以及监测系统信息化,以满足综合管理、实时管理和应急管理的需求;提高监测信息的全面性、及时性、可靠性、完整性、序列性,为科学认知、风险防范、管理决策提供基础信息支撑;有效掌握三峡工程运行和库区环境动态变化以及人类活动的相互影响,客观反映国家相关规划实施效果,为三峡工程综合管理与决策提供科学依据。

In ten more years of construction and operation,the " Ecological and Environmental Monitoring System for Three Gorges Project" has been tracking the status and evolution of the eco-environment in the Three Gorges region,and collecting a large amount of background and dynamic observational data before and after the impoundment of the reservoir.With the Project developing gradually from the test-run period to the one of operation and management,it is badly needed to build an integrated monitoring system for the Project,in order to improve the capability of its comprehensive management,ensure its long-term safe operation,and give full play to its potentials,as well as protect the eco-environment,control geological disasters,promote richness and stability of the migrants,and achieve sustainable utilization of the reservoir.This paper analyzes the current status of the existing monitoring system and the needs for an integrated one in the operation and management phase of the Project,and puts forward some suggestions on the construction of such a system.Based on the existing system,it is proposed to increase monitoring sites and indices,enhance monitoring ability,especially the ability of real-time and on-line observations.The purpose of the monitoring will be changed from "follow-up observation and preservation of historical record" during the construction period to the ones " focusing on the application for management while recording the data" in the operation period.This will improve comprehensive monitoring capability of the Project in five aspects,i.e.standardization of the monitoring indices and methods,systematization of the monitoring organization and management,sustainization of the system operation,normalization of the system's social services,and informatization of the system.All these efforts will meet the needs of real-time and emergency management of the Project for comprehensiveness,timeliness,reliability,integrity,and sequence,and provide fundamental information and scientific basis to support scientific cognizance,risk management,and decision-making;to correctly understand the interactions between the project operation,the environmental changes,and human activities;and to objectively reflect the effects and consequences of national planning implementation.